The slave trade and the origins of matrilineal kinship.

Matrilineal kinship systems-where descent is traced through mothers only-are present all over the world but are most concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. We explore the relationship between exposure to Africa's external slave trades, during which millions of people were shipped from the continent during a 400-year period, and the evolution of matrilineal kinship. Scholars have hypothesized that matrilineal kinship, which is well-suited to incorporating new members, maintaining lineage continuity and insulating children from the removal of parents (particularly fathers), was an adaptive response to the slave trades. Motivated by this, we test for a connection between the slave trades and matrilineal kinship by combining historical data on an ethnic group's exposure to the slave trades and the presence of matrilineal kinship following the end of the trades. We find that the slave trades are positively associated with the subsequent presence of matrilineal kinship. The result is robust to a variety of measures of exposure to the slave trades, the inclusion of additional covariates, sensitivity analyses that remove outliers, and an instrumental variables estimator that uses a group's historical distance from the coast as an instrument. We also find evidence of a complementarity between polygyny and matrilineal kinship, which were both social responses to the disruption of the trades. This article is part of the theme issue 'Social norm change: drivers and consequences'.

Aprender e ensinar de modo circular e não totalitário: ensaios em etnoeducação com quilombolas na região amazônica / Learning and teaching in a circular and non-totalitarian way: essays in ethnoeducation with quilombolas in the Amazon region / Aprender y enseñar de forma circular y no totalitaria: ensayos en etnoeducación con quilombolas en la región amazónica

Pretendemos discutir a experiência em etnoeducação que construímos junto à escola Nossa Senhora da Aparecida, situada na comunidade quilombola Boa Vista do Cuminã, na região de Oriximiná (PA). Partimos do histórico de um grupo de extensão, pesquisa e intervenção em etnoeducação da Universidade Federal Fluminense, que ao longo de oito anos desenvolveu experiências de formação coletiva de múltiplos educadores. A etnoeducação se inspira na etnografia como metodologia de ativação de dispositivos comunitários e coletivos de ensinar e aprender com. Nesse processo, a transdisciplinaridade rompe posições hierárquicas e disciplinares dos espaços de ensinar e aprender na "escola", na vida comunitária, e impulsiona o protagonismo das "agências", individuais e coletivas, em jogo nessas ações de etnoeducação. Buscaremos, no final deste artigo, relatar uma experiência coletiva de ensino e aprendizagem na comunidade quilombola de Boa Vista Cuminã

We intend to discuss the experience in ethnoeducation, which we built with the Nossa Senhora da Apare-cida school, located in the quilombola community Boa Vista Cuminã, in the region of Oriximiná (PA). We started from the background of a group of extension, research and intervention in ethnoeducation at the Universidade Federal Fluminense, which, for eight years, developed experiences of collective formation of multiple educators. Ethnoeducation is inspired by ethnography as a methodology for activating community and collective devices for teaching and learning with. In this process, transdisciplinarity breaks hierarchi-cal and disciplinary positions of the spaces for teaching and learning in the "school", in community life, and boosts the protagonism of the "agencies", individual and collective, at play in these ethnoeducation actions. We will seek, at the end of this article, to report a collective teaching and learning experience in the quilombola community of Boa Vista Cuminã

Pretendemos discutir la experiencia en etnoeducación que construimos con la escuela Nossa Senhora da Aparecida, localizada en la comunidad quilombola Boa Vista Cuminã, en la región de Oriximiná (PA). Partimos de la historia de un grupo de extensión, investigación e intervención en etnoeducación de la Universidad Federal Fluminense, que a lo largo de ocho años desarrolló experiencias de formación colectiva de educadores múltiples. La etnoeducación se inspira en la etnografía como metodología para la activación de dispositivos comunitarios y colectivos de enseñanza y aprendizaje con. En ese proceso, la transdisciplinariedad rompe posiciones jerárquicas y disciplinares de los espacios de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la "escuela", en la vida comunitaria, y empuja el protagonismo de las "agencias", individuales y colectivas, en juego en esas acciones de etnoeducación. Intentaremos, al final de este artículo, relatar una experiencia colectiva de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la comunidad quilombola de Boa Vista Cuminã

The ancestry and geographical origins of St Helena's liberated Africans.

The island of St Helena played a crucial role in the suppression of the transatlantic slave trade. Strategically located in the middle of the South Atlantic, it served as a staging post for the Royal Navy and reception point for enslaved Africans who had been "liberated" from slave ships intercepted by the British. In total, St Helena received approximately 27,000 liberated Africans between 1840 and 1867. Written sources suggest that the majority of these individuals came from West Central Africa, but their precise origins are unknown. Here, we report the results of ancient DNA analyses that we conducted as part of a wider effort to commemorate St Helena's liberated Africans and to restore knowledge of their lives and experiences. We generated partial genomes (0.1-0.5×) for 20 individuals whose remains had been recovered during archaeological excavations on the island. We compared their genomes with genotype data for over 3,000 present-day individuals from 90 populations across sub-Saharan Africa and conclude that the individuals most likely originated from different source populations within the general area between northern Angola and Gabon. We also find that the majority (17/20) of the individuals were male, supporting a well-documented sex bias in the latter phase of the transatlantic slave trade. The study expands our understanding of St Helena's liberated African community and illustrates how ancient DNA analyses can be used to investigate the origins and identities of individuals whose lives were bound up in the story of slavery and its abolition.

[On "the remedies and medications which were given to ailing negroes:" health and death spending on slaves by the Office of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, 1711-1745]. / Sobre "os remédios e medicinas que se haviam dado a negros enfermos": os gastos com a saúde e a morte de escravos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay, 1711-1745.

This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas - reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.

Neste texto, analisamos o tratamento dispensado aos escravos enfermos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay e da Estância de Santa Catalina entre 1711 e 1745. As fontes analisadas ­ Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales e Cartas ânuas ­ revelam que o adoecimento de escravos do Ofício gerava despesas tanto com a aquisição de medicamentos, roupas e alimentos quanto com mortalhas para seu sepultamento. No caso dos escravos da Estância de Santa Catalina, observou-se que, dependendo da enfermidade, eles eram encaminhados à cidade de Córdoba, onde eram tratados por leigos treinados nas artes de curar, o que implicava despesas de outra natureza também registradas nos relatórios contábeis.

A genetic and linguistic analysis of the admixture histories of the islands of Cabo Verde.

From the 15th to the 19th century, the Trans-Atlantic Slave-Trade (TAST) influenced the genetic and cultural diversity of numerous populations. We explore genomic and linguistic data from the nine islands of Cabo Verde, the earliest European colony of the era in Africa, a major Slave-Trade platform between the 16th and 19th centuries, and a previously uninhabited location ideal for investigating early admixture events between Europeans and Africans. Using local-ancestry inference approaches, we find that genetic admixture in Cabo Verde occurred primarily between Iberian and certain Senegambian populations, although forced and voluntary migrations to the archipelago involved numerous other populations. Inter-individual genetic and linguistic variation recapitulates the geographic distribution of individuals' birth-places across Cabo Verdean islands, following an isolation-by-distance model with reduced genetic and linguistic effective dispersals within the archipelago, and suggesting that Kriolu language variants have developed together with genetic divergences at very reduced geographical scales. Furthermore, based on approximate bayesian computation inferences of highly complex admixture histories, we find that admixture occurred early on each island, long before the 18th-century massive TAST deportations triggered by the expansion of the plantation economy in Africa and the Americas, and after this era mostly during the abolition of the TAST and of slavery in European colonial empires. Our results illustrate how shifting socio-cultural relationships between enslaved and non-enslaved communities during and after the TAST, shaped enslaved-African descendants' genomic diversity and structure on both sides of the Atlantic.

Study of ceramics from Brazilian slave quarters of the XVIII and XIX centuries by EDXRF and multivariate analysis.

This study refers to the archaeometric analysis of ceramic fragments found in archaeological excavations around slave quarters of Colégio dos Jesuítas and São Bento plantations, both located in Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ. The question whether handmade ceramics were produced by the slaves themselves or acquired through local trade networks is an open and important question in the African diaspora. Samples of clay sources and the ceramic fragments, were analyzed using the EDXRF technique with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis.

Implicações da prática profissional no acolhimento institucional de crianças: perspectiva de cuidadoras / Implications of professional practice in children's institutional sheltering: caregivers' perspective / Implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el alojamiento institucional de niños: perspectiva de cuidadoras

Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da teoria de bioecológica de desenvolvimento, as implicações da prática profissional no processo de acolhimento de crianças em uma casa-abrigo, na perspectiva de cuidadoras. As participantes foram 10 profissionais de uma casa-abrigo localizada na região sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a organização e análise dos dados sustentou-se na Grounded Theory, com auxílio do software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Os resultados evidenciaram uma centralização das ações de acolhimento e atenção em torno dos cuidados físicos das crianças. As ações para promover suporte e cuidados emocionais dentro da casa-abrigo eram delegadas às profissionais da equipe técnica da instituição. Observou-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelas cuidadoras diziam respeito à falta de segurança e preparação para responder e acolher as demandas emocionais das crianças, as quais estão presentes em diversos momentos do processo de acolhimento. Percebeu-se que as práticas institucionais afetaram decisivamente tanto as ações de acolhimento das participantes e o suporte emocional oferecido às crianças na passagem pela casa-abrigo quanto as cuidadoras, no sentido de vivenciarem no trabalho sentimentos de insegurança. Os resultados tensionam ecologicamente a interação nos processos proximais presentes no desenvolvimento humano. Advoga-se pela reflexão sobre as implicações das práticas institucionais de uma casa-abrigo e o desenvolvimento infantil, visando o cuidado integral dos acolhidos.(AU)

Based on the developmental bioecological theory, this study analyzes the implications of professional practice in children's user embracement at a shelter from the caregivers' perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals from a shelter located in southern Brazil. Data organization and analysis was performed based on Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti 8.4.14 software. Results showed that embracement and attention focus on the physical care of children. Support and emotional care activities were delegated to the institution's technical team. Caregivers faced difficulties regarding the lack of security and preparation to respond to and accept the children's emotional demands, which arise at different moments in the embracement process. The institutional practices decisively affected both user embracement actions and the emotional support offered to the children, as well as the caregivers, in the sense of experiencing feelings of insecurity. These findings ecologically tension the interaction in the proximal processes present in human development. Further reflections on the implications of institutional shelter-based practices for child development are needed to provide comprehensive care.(AU)

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender, desde la perspectiva de la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo, las implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el proceso de acogida de niños en una institución infantil desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Las participantes fueron 10 profesionales de una institución de acogida infantil ubicada en la región Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, y para la organización y análisis de datos se aplicó Grounded Theory, con el uso del software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Los resultados mostraron que las acciones de recepción y atención se centran en el cuidado físico de los niños. Las acciones de promoción de apoyo y cuidado emocional dentro del alojamiento se asignaron a los profesionales del equipo técnico de la institución. Se observó que las dificultades encontradas por las cuidadoras estaban relacionadas con la falta de seguridad y preparación para responder y aceptar las demandas emocionales de los niños, las cuales se encuentran presentes en diferentes momentos del proceso de acogida. Se notó que las prácticas institucionales afectaron decisivamente tanto las acciones de acogida de las participantes como el apoyo emocional que la institución brinda a los niños durante su paso, así como a las cuidadoras en el sentido de experimentar sentimientos de inseguridad en el trabajo. Estos resultados tensan ecológicamente la interacción en los procesos proximales presentes en el desarrollo humano. Se aboga por reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las prácticas institucionales en los alojamientos institucionales y el desarrollo infantil, apuntando a la atención integral de los acogidos.(AU)

Vivências de trabalho precoce de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa / Experience of child labor of adolescents complying with a social-educational measure / Vivencias de trabajo infantil de adolescentes en medidas socioeducativas

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a vivência de trabalho precoce de adolescentes e jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, no estado da Paraíba. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário Mosquito Diagnóstico e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. A análise foi realizada com o software Iramuteq, (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), através da Análise Hierárquica Descendente, que gerou seis classes: significado do trabalho; infância e escola; condições objetivas de vida; trabalho, drogas e ato infracional; consequências do trabalho infantil; e trabalho infantojuvenil. A perspectiva teórica utilizada foi a psicologia histórico-cultural e os dados discutidos a partir do conceito de vivência. Conclui-se que as vivências e situações sociais de desenvolvimento foram caracterizadas pelo trabalho precoce que oportunizou o envolvimento com atos infracionais e as instituições responsáveis pela garantia de direitos em vez de garantir a proteção social, criminalizaram por meio de medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the experience of child labor of adolescents and youngsters that are complying a social-educational measure, in the State of Paraíba. The instruments utilized were a Questionnaire Mosquito Diagnóstico and a Semi-Structured Interview. The analysis was performed by using the Iramuteq software (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), by using Descending Hierarchical Analysis, which generated six classes: meaning of labor; childhood and school; objective conditions of life; labor, drugs, and act of infraction; consequences of child labor; and child labor. The theoretical perspective used was historical-cultural psychology and the data were discussed from the concept of experience. It was concluded that the experiences and social situations of development were characterized by child labor, which enabled the involvement with acts of infraction; and the institutions responsible for guaranteeing rights, instead of guaranteeing social protection, criminalized by using social-educational measures.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la vivencia precoz de adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas en el estado de Paraíba (Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un Cuestionario Mosquito Diagnóstico y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó con el software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Multidimensionnelles Analyzes de Textes et de Questionnaires), mediante análisis jerárquico descendente, que generó seis clases: Significado del trabajo; Infancia y escuela; Condiciones objetivas de vida; Trabajo, drogas y acto de infracción; Consecuencias del trabajo infantil; y Trabajo infantojuvenil. La perspectiva teórica que se utilizó fue la psicología histórico-cultural, y los datos se discutieron desde el concepto de vivencia. Se concluye que las vivencias y situaciones sociales de desarrollo se caracterizaron por trabajo infantil que permitió la participación en infracciones y que las instituciones responsables de garantizar los derechos en lugar de la protección social los criminalizaron mediante medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

Doenças de africanos, doença africana: transformações da quijila, entre a África centro-ocidental e as Minas Gerais, Brasil, séculos XVII e XVIII / Diseases of Africans, an African disease: transformations of quijila between Central West Africa and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Resumo Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.

Abstract This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.

Sobre "os remédios e medicinas que se haviam dado a negros enfermos": os gastos com a saúde e a morte de escravos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay, 1711-1745 / On "the remedies and medications which were given to ailing negroes: "health and death spending on slaves by the Office of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, 1711-1745

Neste texto, analisamos o tratamento dispensado aos escravos enfermos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay e da Estância de Santa Catalina entre 1711 e 1745. As fontes analisadas - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales e Cartas ânuas - revelam que o adoecimento de escravos do Ofício gerava despesas tanto com a aquisição de medicamentos, roupas e alimentos quanto com mortalhas para seu sepultamento. No caso dos escravos da Estância de Santa Catalina, observou-se que, dependendo da enfermidade, eles eram encaminhados à cidade de Córdoba, onde eram tratados por leigos treinados nas artes de curar, o que implicava despesas de outra natureza também registradas nos relatórios contábeis.

Abstract This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas - reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.

A covid-19 como uma crise multifacetada e suas implicações sobre o tráfico de pessoas ou outras formas de exploração humana / Covid-19 as a multifaceted crisis and its implications on human trafficking or other forms of human exploitation

Resumo Este ensaio se propõe a analisar em que medida a pandemia de covid-19 e a abordagem a ela conferida afetam a dinâmica do tráfico de pessoas, da exploração sexual, dos abusos laborais, e o atendimento recebido pelas vítimas. O tráfico de pessoas é contextualizado em um cenário de fragilidade global, estabelecendo riscos adicionais relacionados à realidade migrante, à classe social, ao gênero e à idade, e adquirindo agravantes próprios em decorrência da covid-19, considerando-se a redução da investigação e da oferta de assistência aos afetados. As medidas de isolamento repercutem gravemente sobre tais indivíduos, na medida em que deixam de gerar lucros para seus algozes e permanecem em ambientes precários, em um cenário propício à exploração laboral e outras formas de violência. A exploração sexual passa a ser ainda mais clandestina, expondo a vítima a novas formas de pressão e à contaminação. A informação em saúde e a possibilidade de prevenção e tratamento é modesta ou inexistente para as pessoas traficadas, comumente apartadas das estratégias referentes à emergência sanitária, sem acesso aos protocolos de proteção, em meio à ausência de autonomia. Realça-se a necessidade de um modelo sociossanitário inclusivo, em constante observação às demandas relacionadas aos grupos marginalizados.

Abstract This essay aims to analyze to what extent the covid-19 pandemic and the approach given to it affect the dynamics of human trafficking, sexual exploitation, labor abuse, and the care received by victims. Human trafficking is contextualized in a scenario of global fragility, establishing additional risks related to the migrant reality, social class, gender and age, and acquiring its own aggravating factors as a result of covid-19, considering the reduction in investigating and offering assistance to those affected. Isolation measures have a serious impact on these individuals, as they fail to generate profits for their tormentors and remain in precarious environments, in a scenario conducive to labor exploitation and other forms of violence. Sexual exploitation becomes even more clandestine, exposing the victim to new forms of pressure and contamination. Health information and the possibility of prevention and treatment are modest or non-existent for trafficked people, who are commonly cut off from strategies related to health emergencies, without access to protection protocols, amid a lack of autonomy. The need for an inclusive socio-sanitary model, constantly observing the demands related to marginalized groups, is highlighted.

Barreras y propuestas para el abordaje sanitario de la trata con fines de explotación sexual / Barriers and proposals for a health care approach to trafficking for sexual exploitation

Objetivo: Explorar la percepción de la trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual, identificar las dificultades y recoger las propuestas de profesionales en contacto directo con las víctimas en Andalucía. Método: Estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas a 10 informantes clave seleccionados en entidades de apoyo y atención a víctimas de trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual en 2021. Dos investigadoras llevaron a cabo un análisis de contenido categórico temático. Se analizaron tres temas con diferentes subtemas. Resultados: Se han identificado dificultades relacionadas con las mujeres (tardan en reconocerse como víctimas, diferencias culturales, desconfianza en el sistema), con los traficantes (modificación de estrategias), con profesionales de la salud (falta de sensibilidad y poca homogeneidad en las actuaciones) y con el sistema sanitario (ausencia de intermediación cultural, complejidad administrativa). Las personas informantes clave proponen una mayor capacitación de profesionales, el empleo de protocolos de actuación efectivos y una mejor coordinación entre instituciones. Conclusiones: El sector sanitario enfrenta diversos desafíos para dar una respuesta integral y efectiva a la trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual. Se requieren mejoras en la sensibilización de profesionales de la salud, el desarrollo de protocolos estandarizados, una mayor colaboración entre sectores, la provisión de servicios especializados en salud mental y una mediación cultural eficaz.(AU)

Objective: To examine the perception of the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation, identify the difficulties and collect the proposals of professionals in direct contact with the victims of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in Andalusia (Spain). Method: Qualitative study based on interviews with 10 key informants, selected from organizations providing support and care to victims of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in 2021. Two researchers carried out a thematic categorical content analysis, integrative and relational analysis. Three themes with different sub-themes were analyzed. Results: Difficulties have been identified in relation to women (delay in recognizing themselves as victims, cultural differences, distrust of the system), traffickers (modification of strategies), health professionals (lack of sensitivity and lack of homogeneity in actions) and the health system (lack of cultural intermediation, administrative complexity). The key informants propose more training for professionals, the use of effective action protocols and better coordination between institutions. Conclusions: The health sector faces a number of challenges in responding comprehensively and effectively to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. Improvements are needed in raising awareness among health professionals, the development of standardized protocols, greater collaboration between sectors, the provision of specialized mental health services and effective cultural mediation.(AU)

"Appalling mortality": disembarkation, demographics, and African diseases. / "Espantosa mortandade": desembarques, demografias e enfermidades africanas.

This article contributes to a better understanding of the conditions which Africans endured immediately after landing in Brazil, taking the study beyond what happened in the slave ships. It highlights the importance of Eastern Africans in the southeast of Brazil, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, something that must be considered in order to do a deeper analysis of identity reinventions, diseases, and healing practices. The background of the suffering of those people can be found in the debates and political negotiations surrounding the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade and the independence of Brazil.

Este artigo contribui para conhecermos melhor as condições a que africanos estavam submetidos no imediato desembarque, estendendo o estudo para além do navio. Destaca a importância dos africanos orientais no Sudeste brasileiro no início do século XIX, o que deve ser considerado para o aprofundamento da análise sobre reinvenções identitárias, doenças e práticas de cura. As dores dessas pessoas tiveram como pano de fundo os debates e as negociações políticas em torno da proibição do tráfico atlântico e da independência do Brasil.

Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Despite the importance of ancient DNA for understanding human prehistoric dispersals, poor survival means that data remain sparse for many areas in the tropics, including in Africa. In such instances, analysis of contemporary genomes remains invaluable. One promising approach is founder analysis, which identifies and dates migration events in non-recombining systems. However, it has yet to be fully exploited as its application remains controversial. Here, we test the approach by evaluating the age of sub-Saharan mitogenome lineages sampled outside Africa. The analysis confirms that such lineages in the Americas date to recent centuries-the time of the Atlantic slave trade-thereby validating the approach. By contrast, in North Africa, Southwestern Asia and Europe, roughly half of the dispersal signal dates to the early Holocene, during the "greening" of the Sahara. We elaborate these results by showing that the main source regions for the two main dispersal episodes are distinct. For the recent dispersal, the major source was West Africa, but with two exceptions: South America, where the fraction from Southern Africa was greater, and Southwest Asia, where Eastern Africa was the primary source. These observations show the potential of founder analysis as both a supplement and complement to ancient DNA studies.